Cultural Landscape Conservation by evaluating the factors affecting them; Research by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Document Type : Scientific Research

Authors

1 M.A in Conservation of Historic Buildings and Sites, Conservation and Restoration Faculty, Art University of Isfahan (AUI), Isfahan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Conservation of Architectural Heritage Department, Architectural and Urbanism Faculty, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran

Abstract

Problem Statement: Cultural landscape is a concept that includes cultural and natural values that reflect the interaction between man and nature throughout history. These landscapes are valuable places that reflect the identity and history of a region and its inhabitants. Therefore, the protection of cultural landscapes and its values is very important. Because cultural landscapes reveal the evolution of man and his skills in how to use the land, these landscapes are gradually evolving and undergoing changes. Nature, as one of the constituent elements of cultural landscapes, is constantly transforming itself. In the protection of cultural landscapes, the dynamics of landscapes should be considered and sought to protect it. If only a fixed state of landscapes is protected in landscape protection, then these landscapes will lose their dynamism. Identifying the factors that change cultural landscapes and using them as an important parameter in the conservation process leads to management of change.
Research question: What is the relationship between strengthening and weakening the factors that change cultural landscapes and their protection and decline, and what are the most influential factors in the development of cultural landscapes?
Research Objectives: Researchers have so far studied meaning of cultural landscapes and why they are protected. However, in order to take practical action in the protection of cultural landscapes, along with theoretical issues, identifying the components that affect these landscapes is a key issue. In addition to identifying the components that affect these landscapes, attention to the course of change and their evolution should also be considered. This article intends to evaluate the components affecting cultural landscapes, evaluate the components that affect them, and prioritize these components. This prioritization of effective components is considered by a group of experts in order to better conservation them.
Research Method: To achieve the mentioned goal, the collection of theoretical data on the subject with the library method has been obtained and as a result, a comprehensive knowledge of studies and components affecting cultural landscapes has been obtained. This knowledge has led to the development of the necessary criteria for questioning experts. Based on the extracted criteria, a relevant questionnaire has been prepared and a group of cultural landscape experts has been consulted about them. Finally, after summarizing the results of the questionnaire, the indicators were weighted using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
The most important findings and conclusions of the study: The findings indicate that indicators related to natural and cultural factors, can make the most changes in cultural landscapes. In addition, the changing factors are separated from the maximum to the least impact on changing a cultural landscape. This prioritization can be a more serious consideration for conservationists in controlling change. In conservation planning, actions are usually formed at three levels: short-term, medium-term and long-term. Prioritizing factors, especially in categorizing actions on these three scales, can be very useful; Because it will reduce the damage to more important aspects. Continuing protection by focusing on higher priority factors, will protect the more prominent aspects of the landscape.

Graphical Abstract

Cultural Landscape Conservation by evaluating the factors affecting them; Research by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Androudi, E & Sahrakaran, B. 1396. Principles and strategies for the conservation of the cultural landscape of the native historical garden of Qazvin with a focus on artificial heritage. Page 4 (27): 99-110. [In Persian]    http://sofeh.sbu.ac.ir/article/view/23965
Bandarin, F. 2003. Cultural Landscapes:the Challenges of Conservation. Summary record of the international workshop. Ferrara. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000132988. (Access date: 29 Sep 2020)
Bell, S. 2015. "Euracademy".Euracademy Web Site.    https://www.euracademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/10-simon-bell.pdf. (Access date: 29 Sep 2020)
Bemanian, M.R & Ansari, M & NAlmasifar, N. 2010. Reviving the "Cultural Landscape" of Takht-e Soleiman with Emphasis on ICOMOS World Heritage Reconstruction and conservation Approaches Bi-Quarterly Journal of Urban Management, 8 (26): 26-7. [In Persian] https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=126484
Birnbaum, C A. 1994. Protecting cultural landscapes: planning, treatment and management of historic landscapes. Washington: National Park Service, Heritage Preservation Services Division. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1001376296
Brinkmann, Katja & Schumacher, Jörg & Dittrich, Andreas & Kadaore, Ibrahim & Buerkert, Andreas. 2012. Analysis of landscape transformation processes in and around four West African cities over the last 50 years. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105: 94–105. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204611003549
Bürgi, Matthias & Straub, Angela & Gimmi, Urs & Salzmann, Daniel. 2010. The recent landscape history of Limpach valley, Switzerland: Considering three empirical hypotheses on driving forces of landscape change. Landscape Ecology, 25: 287-297. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-009-9412-2
Bürgi, Matthias & Hersperger, Anna & Schneeberger, Nina. 2004. Driving forces of landscape change - Current and new directions. Landscape Ecology, 19: 857-868. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-005-0245-3
Chihei, S. 2001. Our Treasure Cultural Landscapes to Future Generations - Cultural Landscape Conservation in Japan. Agency for Cultural Affairs. 1-5. http://network.icom.museum/fileadmin/user_upload/minisites/Milan2016/Pdf/siena_conference_remark_by_suzuki_chihei.pdf
Ebrahimi Dehkordi, A. 1394. Study and analysis of Horaman tourism capacities with emphasis on cultural landscape reading. Geographical Quarterly of Tourism Space, 4 (13): 77-59. [In Persian]    http://gjts.malayeriau.ac.ir/article_520238.html
Eckbo, G. 1969. The Landscape We See. New York: McGRAW-HILL book company. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/944999529
Eshrati, P & Hanachi, P. 2016. A new definition of the concept of cultural landscape based on its formation process. BSNT. 2016; 5 (3) :42-51. [In Persian]    http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-10142-fa.html
Foroughi, F & Ghani, K. 1394. War Crimes against Cultural Heritage in Syria’s Armed Conflict. Journal of Criminal Law Studies and Criminology, 2 (4-5): 335-333. [In Persian]    https://journals.ut.ac.ir/article_59078.html
Hersperger, Anna & Bürgi, Matthias. 2009. Going beyond landscape change description: Quantifying the importance of driving forces of landscape change in a Central Europe case study. Land Use Policy, 26: 640-648. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837708001099
Hojjat, E. 2012. Tradition and Heresy in Architecture Education. Tehran: University of Tehran Press. [In Persian] http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/2681009
ICOMOS. 1964. International Charter for the Consrvation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter 1964), at Venice, Italy. https://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf
______. 1981. Historic Gardens (The Florence Charter 1981), at Florence, Italy. https://www.icomos.org/charters/gardens_e.pdf
______. 1999. International Cultural Tourism Charter. Managing tourism at places of heritage significance Icomos 12th General Assembly at Mexico. https://www.icomos.org/charters/tourism_e.pdf
Khajepiri, M. 2014. Ladscape Capacities of Bibi shahrbanooo Mountain. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape, 6(28), 74-78. [In Persian]     http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_7681.html
Lewis, P K. 1979. Axioms for Reading the Landscape Some Guides to the American Scene. Swabian, Germany: The Interpreting in Cultural Landscapes Through Partcipatory Scenario Development in the Swabian. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10464883.1976.10758067
Myga-Piątek, U. 2011. Cultural Landscape of the 21st Century: Geographical Consideration between Theory and Practice. Hrvatski geografski glasnik, 73(2): 129-140. https://hrcak.srce.hr/79104
Mohamed, N. 1995. Conservation in Malaysia : Landscape, Tourism and Culture, Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. York: Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies University of York. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2540/1/DX202360.pdf
Mokhles, F., Farzin, A., Javadi, S. 2013. Pir-e Morad Shrine, the Cultural-Religious Perspective of Baneh City. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh- E Nazar, 10(24), 27-38. [In Persian]    http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_2691.html
Nüsser, Marcus, 2001. Understanding cultural landscape transformation: a re-photographic survey in Chitral, eastern Hindukush, Pakistan. Landscape and Urban Planning, 57 (3–4): 241-255.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169204601002079
Plieninger, Tobias & Draux, Hélène & Fagerholm, Nora & Bieling, Claudia & Bürgi, Matthias & Kizos, Thanasis & Kuemmerle, Tobias & Primdahl, Jørgen & Verburg, Peter. 2016. The driving forces of landscape change in Europe: A systematic review of the evidence. Land Use Policy, 57: 204-214. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837715301769
Ramakrishnan, P S. 2003. The Sacred Ganga River-based Cultural Landscape. Museum International, 55(2): 7-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1350-0775.2003.00420.x
Sabri, R C, Patrik Miller, and Rene Dierkx . 2006. Rebuilding a Sustainable Image in a Cultural Landscape. Environmental Sciences, 4(2): 49-58. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=102763
Sauer, C O. 1925. The morphology of landscape. Berkeley, California: University of California press.    http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/458967566
Schneeberger, Nina, Matthias Bürgi, Anna M. Hersperger, K.C. Ewald. 2007. Driving forces and rates of landscape change as a promising combination for landscape change research—An application on the northern fringe of the Swiss Alps. Land Use Policy, 24 )2(: 349-361. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837706000214
Shahsavari, M. 2012. The Cultural Landscape Continuity; Reconstruction and Revitalization of a Historic Garden. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape, 3(17), 54-59. [In Persian]    http://www. manzar-sj.com/article_751.html
Shariatzadeh, S, A.A. 1371. St.. From the collection of articles of the first anthropological gathering, Tehran, Cultural Heritage Organization of the country. [In Persian] http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/539524
Tesfamariam, Zbelo & Nyssen, Jan & Asfaha, Tesfaalem & Tafere, Kelemework & Abraha, Amanuel & Poesen, J. & Deckers, Seppe & Van Eetvelde, Veerle. 2019. Transhumance as a driving force of landscape change in the marginal grabens of northern Ethiopia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 40: 476-495. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sjtg.12278
Toupal, R S, M Nives Zeden ˜o, Richard W Stoffle, and Patrick Barabe. 2001. Cultural landscapes and ethnographic cartographies:Scandinavian-American and American Indian knowledge of the land. Environmental Science & Policy, 4 (4-5): 171-184. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1462901101000247
Zebardast, E. 2001. Application of Hierarchical Analysis Process in Urban and Regional Planning. Journal of Fine Arts, - (10): 21-13. [In Persian]    https://journals.ut.ac.ir/article_13624.html
Zandi, M. 2014. Breaking Points of Tehran Cultural Landscape. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape, 6(28), 18-23. [In Persian]    http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_7669.html
Zare Shahabadi, A & Al-Fati, S. 1388. Investigation of aqueducts, castles and mills from an ecological geographical point of view (Case study: Taft garrisons). Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography (Human Geography), 1 (3): 38-27. [In Persian] https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=118361
Zarei Hajieabadi, F & Pashmakian, N & Shahabi, S. 1392. Measuring the level of satisfaction of residents of historical contexts; A case study of the historical context of Haji neighborhood of Hamedan. Journal of Environmental Management, 6 (22): 119-101. [In Persian] https://www.sid.ir/fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=213645
Zhang, Wei & Yu, Na & Liu, Miao & Hu, Yuan-Man. 2010. Landscape pattern and driving forces in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China. Proceedings - 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, CISP 2010. 5. 10. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5647498
Journal of Architectural Thought
Volume 5, Issue 10 - Serial Number 10
September 2021
Pages 73-88

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics