Investigation of Zumthor’s Theory of Atmosphere in Experince of Spatial Quality of Religious Buildings in East Azarbaijan Mosques (Case study: Jame Mosques of Tabriz, Miyana, Sarab, Ahar, Bonab, Ajabshir

Document Type : Scientific Research

Authors

1 PhD Candidate of Architecture, Architecture Department, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Architecture Department, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Architecture Department, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Architecture Department, Osvesh Moaser Institute of Higher Education, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Research Problem: One of the most important buildings in traditional cultures that have had a significant relationship with the sacred throughout history is their places of worship. The fundamental issue of this research is to provide a way to analyze the spatial quality of mosques to gain a deeper understanding of the mosque and to design mosques in the present era. Also, in the design and construction of mosques, more emphasis has been placed on the physical and symbolic qualities of it. The repetition or innovation in the architecture of the mosque has been focused on creativity in its symbolic elements such as domes, minarets and altars and approaches to architecture of mosques, in a reductionist view, have considered the mosque to be only a symbolic physicality. Therefore understanding the spatial quality factors of mosques, is the main problem of this study.
Research Question: In the humanities experience of space, how is the spatial quality of the studied mosques explained based on the space atmosphere theory?
Objectives of the research: In the present study, the spatial quality structure of congregational mosques in East Azerbaijan is based on an approach that can explain the spatial quality of those mosques in a way that can be used to recreate its quality.
Research Method: The present study, relying on interpretive philosophical foundations, with a qualitative approach based on deductive-inferential reasoning and in the theoretical framework of the atmosphere concept, intends to answer that in the anthropological experience of space, how is the spatial quality of the studied mosques explained based on the space atmosphere theory, by collecting library data and field observations and conducting interviews with users. For this purpose, first the atmosphere theory is described and then by examining the factors affecting the experience and perception of space, the role of time and sense of space is discussed. The components are then evaluated and compared in the studied mosques.
The Most Important Results and Conclusion: What cannot be sensed and perceived today with the onslaught of formalist and visual-based architecture on religious buildings, is the spatial quality and its role in identification of the building. In addition to the fact that mosques have lost their true identity and are devoid of physical and environmental characteristics of religious and emotional construction in the true sense, the audience has lost its sense of time and space. This is confirmed by the newly built mosques in the city of Tabriz and other cities. Such that if the name of the mosque is removed from their entrance, one can doubt on its identity as a mosque. Significant signs, such as domes, minarets, courtyards, porches, colorful tiles, and other non-physical qualities that in the past stimulated the audience's feelings in traditional and inspiring mosques, have lost their meaning in today's mosques and have been replaced by modern aesthetics of form. Therefore, the subject of research is not only relevant in traditional religious buildings, but also the creation of quality in the present architecture to stimulate the feeling and influence on the nature of the audience, seems necessary by architects. The focus of this study was on human emotional needs in architectural settings. The lack of this factor has led to the emergence of cold and dull environments without any connection with humans in the architectural space. The results of the present study show that the mental and psychological relationship of the prayers with the building is due to the quality of the spatial experience and the memorable patterns and behavioral bases for them are the most important element of the perception of the mosque space. Their connection to the smell of space, the sound of space, color and light in space, the toughness of walls and the presentable qualities, including the ability to rely on columns, perception of time by the light of windows, presence at the courtyard in summer, build their mental image of the mosque. This is the most important factor in designing and building new mosques.

Graphical Abstract

Investigation of Zumthor’s Theory of Atmosphere in Experince of Spatial Quality of Religious Buildings in East Azarbaijan Mosques (Case study: Jame Mosques of Tabriz, Miyana, Sarab, Ahar, Bonab, Ajabshir

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Akbari, A., (2015). From the sensory-emotional atmosphere to the architecture of silence, in: Zumtur, Peter (2015). Atmosphere, Foreword, Tehran: Parham Naghsh. P 13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339776782_atmsfr
Akbari, A., Flamaki, M. M. (2016). Investigation of “Senses & Emotion” Notions in Phenomenology of Built Spaces, Iranian Journal of Anthropological Research, 6 (1), 7-21. https://dx.doi.org/10.22059/ijar.2016.60807
Amini, A. H, Sultanzadeh, H, (2017), Atmosphere of Space in Phenomenology as Levelless Space, Urban Management, 49, 469-487. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=696624
Balmer, J. & Swisher, M. T. (2013). Diagramming the big Idea, Methods for Architectural Composition. London: Routledge. P. 168. https://b2n.ir/269623
Beheshti, Seyed Mohammad (2010). Persian Mosque, Ascension of the Believers, Tehran: Rozaneh, p 30. http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/1989479
Bille, M. & Sorensen. T. F. (2016). Elements of Architecture. Assembling archaeology, atmosphere and the performance of building spaces. London: Routledge. P 107. https://b2n.ir/292513
Böhme, G. (2017). Atmospheric Architectures – the aesthetics of felt spaces. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. P. 150. https://philpapers.org/archive/BHMAAT-3
Böhme, G. (2015).The Aesthetics of Atmospheres. London: Routledge. P 23. https://b2n.ir/206664
Böhme, G., Elíasson, Ó. & Pallasmaa, J. (2014). Architectural atmospheres: On the experience and politics of architecture. Walter de Gruyter. P. 43. https://b2n.ir/443591
Canepa, E, (2019). Neurocosmi: La dimensione atmosferica tra architettura e neuroscienze (Translated title, Neurocosmoi: The Atmospheric Dimension between Architecture and Neuroscience) [online]. Ph.D. thesis. Genova: University of Genoa. P. 10, 296. Available online at https://www.iris.unige.it/ (consulted on October 6, 2019).
Canepa. E, Scelsi. V, Fassio. A, vanzino, L, Lagravinese. G, Chiorri, C, (2019), Atmospheres: Feeling Architecture by Emotions, p 10. Ambiances [Online], 5 | 2019, Online since 20 December 2019, connection on 20 December 2019. https://doi.org/10.4000/ambiances.2907
Eliasson, O. (2016). Unspoken Spaces. London: Thames& Hudson.p 13.https://b2n.ir/113894
Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, entery: Jame Mosque of Bonab. https://b2n.ir/923422
Eun Cho, M& Kim, M.J, (2017) Measurement of User Emotion and Experience in Interaction with Space, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 16:1, p  99-106, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3130/jaabe.16.99
Erwine, B. (2017) Creating Sensory Spaces: The Architecture of the Invisible. London: Routledge, p 24. https://b2n.ir/547485
Ferreira, M. de. P, Kretzer, A, Duarte. J.P. Stricker, D, Schenkenberger, B, Weber, M. Toyama. T, (2017), FEEL YOUR DESIGN exploring the sensorial experience of Architectural space through immersive architecture models, Proceedings of the „5th eCAADe Regional International Symposium, The Virtual and the Physical,p.15https://b2n.ir/866405
Ferreira, M. de. P, Kretzer, A, Duarte. J.P. (2019), Embodied Emotions: A Methodology for Experiments in Architecture and Corporeality, Research Culture in Architecture, Publisher:     Birkhäuser, p 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783035620238-030
Ford, T. H. (2018). Wordsworth and the Poetics of Air: Atmospheric Romanticism in a Time of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 18. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108569316
Griffero T. (2016). Atmospheres: Aesthetics of Emotional Spaces. London: Routledge. P. 67. https://b2n.ir/564660
Hajighasemi, K. (2003). Ganjnameh, vol. Mosques, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti Universuty Press. P 100. https://b2n.ir/211604
Hale, J.(2016). Merleau–Ponty for Architects. London: Routledge. P 53. https://b2n.ir/835279
Holl, S. et al. (2017), Perception Questions: Architectural Phenomenology, translated by Akbari, A. and Sharifian, M. A. Second Edition, Tehran: Parham Naghsh. P 57, 155. https://b2n.ir/550351
Havik K. (2013).OASE#91, Building Atmosphere, with Juhani Pallasmaa and Peter Zumthor.Amsterdam.: NAi. 91. p 3-12 https://b2n.ir/525771
Heidegger, M. (2002) On Time and Being. Translated by: Johan Stambaugh. Chicago: Chicago press. P 12. https://b2n.ir/720297
Jones, P.B, Petrescu, D. Till, J. (2013) Architecture and Participation. London: Routledge. P 40. https://b2n.ir/672473
Lyu, F, (2019), Architecture as spatial storytelling: Mediating human knowledge of the world, humans and architecture, Frontiers of Architectural Research 8, p 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.05.002
Minestry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Hanidcrafts of Iran, List of national sites, enteris: Jame mosque of Ahar, Jame Mosque of Ajabshir. https://b2n.ir/326354
Mitias, M. H. (Ed.). (1994). Philosophy and architecture, 19 Rodopi. P 205. https://b2n.ir/161580
NeginTaji, S., Ansari. M., Pourmand, H. A, (1396). Explaining the relationship between human and place in the process of architectural design with the phenomenon of phenomenology, fine arts - architecture and urban planning, 22(4),p71-80. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_65698.html
Norberg-Schulz. C. (1979). Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli. p 64. https://b2n.ir/895937
Nute. K. & Chen. Z. J. (2018). Temporal cues in built environment. International Journal of the Constructed Environment, 9 (1) p 1-18. https://doi.org/10.18848/2154-8587/CGP/v09i01/1-18
Pallasmaa, J., Böhme, G. Griffero, T.,Thibaud.J. (2015). Architecture and Atmosphere. Helsinki: Peripheral Projects Pub. P 105. https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/architecture-and-atmosphere
Pallasmaa, J. (2012). The eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. P 36, 55. https://b2n.ir/371311
Pallasmaa, J. & MacKeith, P. B (2012). Encounters: Architectural Essay. Helsinki: Rakennustieto.p 55,261.https://www.worldcat.org/title/encounters-architectural-essays/oclc/824694553
Pallasmaa, J. (2018), Between Art and Science: Reality and Experience in Architecture and Olafur Eliasson’s Art. In Gattara, A.; Robinson, S. & Ruzzon, D. (2018). Intertwining: Unfolding Art and Science, no. 1. Milano-Udine: Mimesis Edizioni. P 17-37 http://mimesisinternational.com/intertwining-unfolding-art-and-science-1-2018/
Riedel, F, (2019). Atmosphere. In Slaby, J. & von Scheve, Ch (eds). 2019. Affective Societies: Key Concepts. Abingdon: Routledge. p 85-95. https://b2n.ir/652867
Schmitz, H. (2016). Atmospheric spaces. Ambiances. Environment sensible, architecture and space urban,2,p17-30 https://doi.org/10.4000/ambiances.711
Vignjević, A., (2017), Dialectic Atmosphere of Architecture, AM Journal, 12, p 41-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i12.166
Wittmann, M. (2017) Felt Time: The Science of how We Experience Time. Cambridge: MIT Press. p 31. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/29363487-felt-time
Zumthor, P. (1998). Peter Zumthor works: buildings and projects 1979-1997. P. 11, 24, 46. Lars Müller. https://b2n.ir/053876
Zumthor, P. (2006). Atmospheres: Architectural Environments, Surrounding Objects. Basel: Birkhauser. P. 22, 61. https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/300229
Zumthor, P. (2010). Thinking Architecture. Basel: Birkhauser. P. 12, 42. https://b2n.ir/247687
Zumtour, P., (2019). Atmosphere, Translation: Akbari, A. Fourth Edition, Tehran: Parham Naghsh. p.25https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339776782_atmsfr
Zumthor, P. & Lending, M. (2018). A Feeling of History. Zurich: Scheidegger & Spiess. P 36. https://b2n.ir/080829
Journal of Architectural Thought
Volume 5, Issue 10 - Serial Number 10
September 2021
Pages 109-123

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics