The ratio of architectural design thinking to incompatible schemas

Document Type : Scientific Research

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Architecture, School of Arts and Architecture, Yazd University, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, School of Arts and Architecture, Yazd University, Iran

Abstract

Problem statement: Design thinking 1 is related to disciplines such as architecture, industrial design and art and is also discussed today in the disciplines of engineering and management. Design thinking, as the main tool of designers' creativity, has always been considered as one of the pillars of architecture education and many factors have played a role in strengthening or weakening it. These include: culture, gender, age, parenting styles, school and occupation. One of the factors that can weaken the architectural design thinking is the maladaptive schemas of the mind that have received much attention in recent years and its harms in various areas, especially in the field of relationships and social interactions, have been studied and less Its impact on design thinking and specifically architectural design thinking has been discussed.
Research question: In this regard, the question arises: What is the relationship between architectural design thinking and incompatible schemas?
Objectives of this research: The purpose of this research is 1) to understand the relationship between architectural design thinking and incompatible schemas 2) to create an introduction to understand the effect of incompatible schemas on architectural design thinking and its possible harms.
Research Method: The research method in the first part is descriptive, which introduces the idea of architectural design and incompatible schemas, and in the second part is an analysis based on logical reasoning that by studying theoretical foundations and analyzing concepts, the relationship between architectural design thinking and schema. Incompatibilities are inferred.
The most important findings and conclusions of the research: In this paper, in order to obtain the relationship between architectural design thinking and incompatible schemas, first the nature of architectural design thinking was examined and it was found that architectural design thinking is formed from the interaction of two types of thinking, namely creative thinking and critical thinking. They run the architectural design process in parallel and at the same time. The purpose of architectural design thinking is to create the initial generator of its design and development until the formation of the final product, which can be achieved through the interaction of creative thinking and critical thinking, relying on the designer's memory. The memory of the designer has a dynamic and active structure in architectural design thinking and consists of a complex and intertwined network of mental schemas. The analysis of the characteristics of the primary generator and the classification of the types of schemas showed that mental schemas do not have the same characteristics and some of them are present in architectural design thinking, one of which is the incompatible schema. By identifying the types of maladaptive schemas and their place in architectural design thinking, it was concluded that maladaptive schemas, by disrupting creative thinking and critical thinking, weaken architectural design thinking. In creative thinking, incompatible schemas, by being in the position of basic schemas, due to their rigid structure, prevent the acceptance of new concepts and ideas and reduce the flexibility of the mind, and in critical thinking, by being in the position of benchmark schemas, It will lead to misinterpretation of the problem, errors in evaluating new ideas, and the creation of pseudo-critical thinking.

Graphical Abstract

The ratio of architectural design thinking to incompatible schemas

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

انصاری، حمیدرضا، 1386، نسبت نظر و عمل در طراحی و معماری، رساله دکتری معماری، تهران، دانشگاه تهران، استاد راهنما  دکتر عیسی حجت، استادمشاور دکترحمید ندیمی.
ایبل،‌ کریس، 1380، در پی فلسفه و شیوه­ای برای آموزش معماری در کشورهای در حال توسعه، ترجمه فرزین فردانش، دوفصلنامه رواق، شماره2، صفحه 49-39.
بریه، امیل، 1385، تاریخ فلسفه قرن هفدهم، ، ترجمه اسماعیل سعادت، تهران، هرمس، صفحه ۴۱.
https://www.hermespub.ir/product/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87/
تفضلی، زهره، 1392، مقدماتی درباره حافظه و نقش آن در تفکر طراحی، نشریه صفه، دوره بیست و سوم، شماره 1.
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=299519
زمانی، فاطمه؛ اسماعیل زاده، زهره و گنجی، کامران، 1397، توسعه پایدار در علوم تربیتی، روانششناسی، مطالعات اجتماعی و فرهنگی، موسسه عالی مهر اروند.
https://civilica.com/doc/767966/
شکری، امید؛ کدیور، پروین؛ فرزاد، ولی اهلل؛ سنگری، علی اکبر و غنایی، زیبا، 1385، نقش رگه­های شخصیت و سبک های تفکر بر پیشرفت تحصیلی دانشجویان: ارائه مدلی علّی. فصلنامه روانشناسان ایرانی، سال دوم، شماره 7، صفحه 235-219.
https://www.sid.ir/fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=66963
شکوفی، بابک، 1386، مد و کلیشه در معماری معاصر ایران، مجله معمار، خرداد و تیر 1386.
فریدی زاد، امیر مسعود، 1395، ابهام‌زدایی از تفکر طراحی و شاخص‌های آن، مطالعات تطبیقی هنر، سال 6،شماره 11،  صفحه 37-25.
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=279900
فیشر، رابرت، 1385، آموزش تفکر به کودکان، ترجمه مسعود صفایی مقدم و افسانه نجاریان، اهواز : نشر رسش.
https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/9648049319
فیضی، محسن و خاک‌زند، مهدی، 1384، تفکر طراحی در فرایند طراحی معماری، باغ نظر 4، صفحه 23-13.
https://civilica.com/doc/302106/
گرجی مهلبانی، یوسف، 1386، تفکر طراحی و الگوهای فرایندی آن، صفه.دوره 16، صفحه 123-106.
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=91591
لاوسون، برایان، 1384، طراحان چگونه می‌اندیشند، ترجمه: حمید ندیمی، مرکز چاپ و انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
لنگ، جان، 1383، آفرینش نظریه معماری، ترجمه علیرضا عینی­فر، تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
مجلل، مهسا، 1391، رابطه طرحواره­های ناسازگار اولیه با مشکالت بین فردی در زنان دانشجوی مجرد و متأهل بین 30 تا 40 سال شهر رشت. پایان­نامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته روانشناسی عمومی، دانشگاه گیلان.
محمودی، سیدامیرسعید، 1383، تفکر در طراحی معرفی الگوی تفکر تعاملی در آموزش طراحی. هنرهای زیبا، صفحه36-27.
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=32850
میرجانی، حمید، 1388، رجوع معمارانه به گذشته: جستجوی روشی جهت کسب دانش عملی طراحی از طریق تجربه مصادیق معماری، رساله دکتری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران.
نوربرگ شولتس، کریستیان، 1381، معماری: حضور، زبان و مکان، ترجمه علیرضا سید احمدیان، موسسه معمار، نشر تهران.
https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/9644483127
Ajideh, P. and Nourdad, N. 2012, The effect of dynamic assessment on EFL reading comprehension in different proficiency levels. Language Testing in Asia, Vol. 2, No. 4, 101-122.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275484577_The_Effect_of_Dynamic_Assessment_on_EFL_Reading_Comprehension_in_Different_Proficiency_Levels
Bach B, Lockwood G, Young JEJ. A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cogn Behav Therapy. 2018;47(4):328–49.
Bartlett, F.C. 1995, Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Beck, A. T., Word, C. H., Mendelson ,M., et al. 1967, An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 4, 561-71.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-inventory-for-measuring-depression.-Beck-Ward/dcadc8fc5bf5534c20824842d8719e33c4ee2640
Brown, T. 2009, Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation. HarperCollins.
https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125&context=mgdr
Carpendale, J. I. M. (2009). Piaget's theory of moral development. In U. Müller, J. I. M. Carpendale, & L. Smith (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to Piaget (pp. 270–286). Cambridge University Press.
Corral, C., & Calvete, E. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder traits in perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Span J Psychol, 17: 10.1017.
Cross, N. 1982, Designerly ways of knowing. Design studies, 3(4), 221-227.
https://larossa.co/cross_1982_designerlywaysofknowing.pdf
Cross, N. 2006, Designerly ways of knowing.Springer.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/1-84628-301-9
Cross, N. 2011, Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work. Bloomsbury Academic.
https://www.amazon.com/Design-Thinking-Understanding-Designers-Think/dp/1847886361
Darke, J. 1978, The primary generator and the design process. Proceedings of edra 9. W. E. Rogers and W. H. Ittleson. Washington, Edra, 325-337
http://papers.cumincad.org/cgi-bin/refs/Show?_id=5738&sort=DEFAULT&search=generator&hits=71
Dorst, K. 2011, The Core of ‘Design Thinking’and its Application. Design Studies, 32(6), 521- 532.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X11000603
Dozois, D. J. A. , Martin, R. A. , & Bieling, P. J. (2009). Early maladaptive schemas and adaptive/maladaptive styles of humor. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 585–596.
10.1007/s10608-008-9223-9 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Glen, R.; Suciu, C.; Baughn, C. C. & Anson, R. 2015, Teaching Design Thinking in Business Schools. The International Journal of Management Education, 13(2), 182-192.
https://daneshyari.com/article/preview/357416.pdf
Kathleen Taylor, 2006, Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control, OUP Oxford, 21. 
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283460978_Brainwashing_the_science_of_thought_control
http://www.lucykimbell.com/stuff/CRESC_Kimbell_v3.pdf
Leverenz, C. S.. 2014, Design Thinking and the Wicked Problem of Teaching Writing. Computers and Composition, 33, 1-12.
https://www.learntechlib.org/p/204915/
Liedtka, J. & Ogilvie, T. 2011, Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit for Managers. Columbia University Press.
https://www.academia.edu/28580668/Designing_for_Growth
Lindberg, T.; Meinel, C. & Wagner, R. 2011, Design Thinking: A Fruitful Concept for IT development. Design Thinking. Plattner, H.; Meinel, C. & Leifer, L. (Eds.). Springer, 3-18.
https://hpi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/fachgebiete/meinel/papers/Book_Chapters/Design_Thinking_-_A_Fruitful_Concept_for_IT_Development.pdf
McVee, Mary B. & others, 2005, Schema Theory Revisited, in Review of Educational Research, Vol. 75, No. 4, 531–566.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200772425_Schema_Theory_Revisited
Miller, P. H. 2011, Theories of developmental psychology (5th ed). New York: Worth Publishers. 
http://perpus.univpancasila.ac.id/repository/EBUPT190364.pdf
Nadkarni, S.; Narayanan, V. K. 2007, Strategic schemas, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: The moderating role of industry clockspeed. Strategic Management Journal , 243-270. 
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20142437
Piaget, J. 1965, The moral judgement of the child. New York: Free Press.
https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs20/Piaget-moral_judgment_of_the_child-en-ocr-tu.pdf
Roediger, Henry L. 1980, Memory Metaphors in Cognitive Psychology, in Memory & Cognition, Vol. 8(3), 231-246.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03197611
Salingaros, N. A. and Mikiten, T. M. 2002. Darwinian Processes and Memes in Architecture: A Memetic Theory of Modernism. Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, 6.
Sköldberg, Ulla Johansson; Woodilla, Jill & Çetinkaya, Mehves. 2013, Design Thinking: Past, Present and Possible Futures. Creativity and innovation management, 22 (2), 121- 136.
https://www.punyamishra.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Johansson-Sk%C3%B6ldberg_2013_DT_past_present_future.pdf
Shorey, R. C. , Gawrysiak, M. J. , Elmquist, J. , Brem, M. , Anderson, S. , & Stuart, G. L. (2017). Experiential avoidance, distress tolerance, and substance use cravings among adults in residential treatment for substance use disorders. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 36(3), 151–157.
10.1080/10550887.2017.1302661 [Google Scholar]
Taylor, S. E., & Crocker, J. 1981, Schematic bases of social information processing. In E. T. Higgins, C. A. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario Symposium on Personality and Social Psychology. 89-134.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/014616727800400318
Visser, W. 1995, Use of episodic knowledge and information in design problem solving, in Design studies, Vol 16, 171-187.
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00633727/document
Young, Jeffery, 2013, Schema Therapy". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 28.
https://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310804
Zhu, H. , Luo, X. , Cai, T. , He, J. , Lu, Y. , & Wu, S. (2016). Life event stress and binge eating among adolescents: The roles of early maladaptive schemas and impulsivity. Stress and Health, 32(4), 395–401.
10.1002/smi.2634 [Google Scholar]

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics