Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS in effect of Daylight metric(sDA) on happiness in a residential complex

Javani, Zahra; Mousavinia, Seyyede Fatemeh

doi:10.30479/at.2020.10904.1245

Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS in effect of Daylight metric(sDA) on happiness in a residential complex

Document Type : Scientific Research

Authors

¹ ARCHITECTURAL FACULTY,ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF ART

² architrctural faculty,Isfahan university of art

10.30479/at.2020.10904.1245

Abstract

Research Problem: Advanced in technologies and cimputering power have improved academic’s ability to test complex theoretical models, nevertheless, to fully utilize the capabilities of recently developed software, researcher must also develop their skill and embrace the technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of unobserved heterogeneity in the context of partial least squares structural equation modeling and try to present a case study ,which illustrates how to identify and treat unobserved heterogeneity in PLS-SEM using FIMIX-PLS .The aim of this study with methodological approach is to recognize the health-orientation criteria in daylight design development and daylight design recommendation based on optimal zone .This study, therefore use human-oriented design approach in daylight design in residential complex. This work investigates the relationships between an assessment of the happiness and the mental health of residents using the Oxford Happiness Inventory and simulated annual daylight conditions in their living spaces based on a survey approach.
Research Question: Our first research question addressed whether the different daylight illuminance in internal space in residential complex may generate various happiness effect on people living indoors according to indoor conditions. And the second question addressed whether the assumption of homogeneous and non- homogeneous data may case different result?

Research Method: The study population included residents of residential units in mid-rise buildings in Isfahan, Iran. In this study, low-rise buildings are considered to be residential buildings with three to eight stories and between 860 ft2 and 2100 ft2 in size. 286 units were selected by two-stage random cluster sampling. Data were collected with Oxford Happiness Inventory and researcher–made questionnaire. The Radiance modelig software and STADIC plugin for Radiance was used to generate a parametric models of the living spaces .the simulation was automated by linking Python with Radiances, in this article we identified and interpreted unobserved heterogeneity in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) by using the FIMIX-PLS module in the SmartPLS 3.2.3 software

The Most Important Results and Conclusion:
Data analyses indicated that the assumption of relatively homogeneous data characteristics or heterogeneity had different output. Since homogeneous data assumption indicate no relationship between daylight illuminance and happiness, in heterogeneity data assumption there was positive relationship between SDA500-%50 and Happiness and a high negative effect of sDA2000-%50 on happiness in one segment.A statistical analysis of regression in SPSS indicated some daylight design recommendations based on living space configuration, window features and site plan which prepare a possibility of assessment of happiness dimension and illuminatance fraction of living space. This approach brings together the physiological and psychological impacts of daylighting and illuminates their potentially pivotal roles in ordering and enriching architectural experience.
This work suggests that environmental designers and architects can enhance well-being and public health by designing built environments with suitable daylight exposure levels. These results are consistent with other studies that explored the correlation between health and daylight in healthcare centers and schools, and performance in offices. According to those studies, inadequate daylight exposure has adverse effects on the health of people [28] and is associated with an increase in depression symptoms.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

20.1001.1.25383019.1400.5.10.15.8

Main Subjects

Environmental psychology

References

Andersen, M., Sharon, J.G., Steven, W.L. (2013). Modelling ‘non-visual’ effects of daylighting in a residential environment. Building and Environment, Vol.70, pp.138-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.018

Argyle, M. (2001). The Psycology of Happiness. London: Routledge.

Aries, M.B.C., Aarts, M. ,Van Hoof, J. (2015). Daylight and health:A review of the evidence and consequences for the built environment. Lighting Research and Technology, Vol.47, pp.6-27.https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153513509258.

Baker, N., Steemers, K. (2002). Daylight Design of Buildings. london.

Baron, R.A., Rea, M.S., Daniels, S.G. (1992). Effects of indoor lighting illuminance and spectral distribution on the performance of cognitive tasks and interpersonal behaviors: The potential mediating role of positive affect. Motivation and Emotion, pp.96-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00996485

Bashir, S.A. (2002). Home is where the harm is: inadequate housing as a public health crisis. American Journal of Public Health, Vol.92, pp.733–738. https://doi/10.2105/AJPH.92.5.733 (researchgate.net)

Benedetti, F., Colombo, C., Barbini, B., Campori, E., Smeraldi, E. (2001). Morning sunlight reduces length of hospitalization in bipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 62, pp.221–223.https://doi/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00149-X (doi.org)

Bommel, W.J.M. van, Beld, G.J. van den (2004). Lighting for work: a review of visual and biological effects. Lighting Research and Technology, Vol.36, No.4, pp.255-266. 10.1191/1365782804li122oa (researchgate.net)

Bonnefoy, X. (2007). Inadequate housing and health: an overview. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, Vol.30, No. 3/4, pp.411-429. 10.1504/IJEP.2007.014819 (researchgate.net)

Boray, P., Gifford, R., Rosenblood, L. (1989). Effects of warm white, cool white and full spectrum fluorescent lighting on simple cognitive performance, mood, and ratings of others. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.9, pp.297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(89)80011-8

Boubekri, M., Cheung, I., Reid, K., Wang, C., Zee, P.C. (2014). Impact of windows and daylight exposure on overall health and sleep quality of. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, Vol.10, pp.603–611https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080940717

Boyce, P., Hunter, C., Howlett, O. (2003). The Benefits of Daylight Through Windows. Rensselaer polytechnic institue. lighting research center. Microsoft Word - Daylight lit final.doc (thedaylightsite.com)

Brown, M.J., Jacobs, D. (2011). Residential Light and Risk for Depression and Falls: Results from the Lares Study of Eight European Cities. Columbia: National Center for Healthy Housing. 10.1177/00333549111260S117 (researchgate.net)

Butler, D.L., Biner, P.M. (1989). Effects of setting on window preferences and factors associated with those preferences. Environment and Behavior, Vol.21, No.17, pp.31-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916589211002

Czeisler, C.A., Duffy, J.F., Shanahan, T.L., Brown, E.N., Mitchell, J.F., Rimmer, D.W., et al.. (2005). Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science, Vol. 284, No.5423, pp.2177e81. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2177

Daurat, A., Aguirr, E.A., Foret, J., Gonne, T.P., Kerome, S.A., Benoit, O. (1993). Bright light affects alertness and performance rhythms during a 24-h constant routine. Physiology and Behavior, Vol.53, pp.929–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(93)90271-G

Diener, E., Suh, E., Oishi, S. (1996). Recent findings on subjective well-being. Indiana Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol.24, pp.25-41. 10.4236/psych.2018.97102 (doi.org)

Eddington, N., Shuman, R. (2004). Subjective Well-Being. continuing psychology education.

Edwards, L., Torcellini, P. (2002). A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants. Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.1.1.505.7585

Evans, G.W. (2003, december). The built environment and mental health. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicin, Vol.80, No.4. http://la570.willsull.net/ewExternalFiles/EvansG2003.pdf

Fullilove, M.T., Fullilove, R.E. (2000). What’s housing got to do with it? Journal of Public Health, Vol.90, pp.183–184. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.2.183

GIS, geographic information system (2011). General population and housing census. Isfahan: Isahan governor.

Graw P., Recker S., Sand, L., Krauchi, K., Wirz-Justice, A. (1999). Winter and summer outdoor light exposure in women with and without seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol.56, pp. 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00037-3

Hahn, C., Johnson, M.D., Herrmann, A., Huber, F. (2012). Capturing customer heterogeneity using a finite mixture PLS approach. Schmalenbach Business Review, Vol.54, No.3, pp.243-269. 10.2139/ssrn.321004 (researchgate.net)

Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Matthews, L., Ringle, C.M. (2016b). Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: part I - method”. European Business Review, Vol.28, No.1, pp.63-https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-09-2015-0094

Heerwagen, J.H., Heerwagen, D.R. (1986). Lighting and psychological comfort. Lighting Design and Application, Vol.16, pp.47–51.

Hesselgren, S. (1975). Man’s Perception of Man-Made Environment. Lund, Sweden: Student litteratur ab.

Heschong Mahone Group, (1999). Skylight and Retail Sales: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Daylighting and Human Performance. California, USA: Pacific Gas and Electric Company. 10.13140/RG.2.2.28809.29288 (researchgate.net)

Hopkinson, R.G. (1963). Architectural Physics - Lighting. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

IES. (2013). Recommended Practice for Daylighting Buildings. Illuminating Engineering Society.

Inghart, R. (1994). Cultural Development in Advanced Industrial Society. kavir publication.

Isen, A.M., Means, B., Patrick, R., Nowicki, G.P. (1982). Some factors influencing decision-making strategy and risk taking. (F. S. Clark M, Ed.) Affect and Cognition., pp.243–261.

Jedidi, K., Jagpal, H.S., DeSarbo, W.S. (1997). “Finite-mixture structural equation models for response-based segmentation and unobserved heterogeneity. Marketing Science, Vol.16, No.1, pp.39-59. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.16.1.39

Kashdan, B.T. (2004). The assessment of subjective well-being (issues raised by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire). Personality and Individual Differences, pp. 1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00213-7

Kuller, R. (2002). The influence of light on circa rhythms in humans. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, Vol. 21, pp.87–91. http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3626596. (accessed 29 June 2020)

Kuller, R., Seifeddin B., Laike, T., Mikellidesx, B., Tonello, G. (2006). The impact of light and colour on psychological mood: a cross-cultural study of indoor work environmen. Ergonomics, Vol.49, pp.1496–1507. . https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130600858142

Kuller, R., Kuller, M. (2000). The influence of daylight and artificial light on diurnal and seasonal variations in humans. a bibliography, Technical report of CIE No 139. International Commission on Illumination, (p. 139). Vienna. http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3626596. (accessed 29 June 2020)

Kuller, R., Wetterberg, L. (1993). Melatonin, cortisol, EEG, ECG and subjective comfort in healthy humans: Impact of two fluorescent lamp types at two light intensities. Lighting Research and Technology. Vol. 25, pp.71–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719302500203

Lockley, S.W., Dijk, D.J. (2002). Integration of human sleep-wake regulation and circadian rhythmicity. Journal of Applied Physiology, pp.85-92. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2001.

Matthews, L., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J., Ringle, C.M. (2016). Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS, Part II – A case study. European Business Review, Vol.28, No. 2,pp.208-224. 10.1108/EBR-09-2015-0094 (researchgate.net)

Mccloughan, C.L.B., Aspinall, P.A. and Webb, R.S. (1999). The impact of lighting on mood. Lighting Research and Technology, Vol.31, pp. 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719903100302

Myers, D.G. (2004). Happiness. Excerpted from Psychology (7th edition ed.). New York: Worth Publisher.

Naghavi, M., Abolhassani, F., Pourmalek, F. (2009). The burden of disease and injury in Iran 2003. Population Health Metrics, pp. 3-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-7954-7-9

Ne’eman, E., Craddock, J., Hopkinson, R.G. (1976). Sunlight requirements in buildings I – Social survey. Building and Environment, Vol.11, pp.217–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(76)90030-5

Partonen, T., Lonnqvist, J. (2000). Bright light improves vitality and alleviates distress in healthy people. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol.57, pp.1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00063-4

Pechacek, C.S., Andersen, M., Lockley, S.W. (2008). Preliminary method for Prospective Analysis of the Circadian Efficacy of daylight with applicants to healthcare architecture. EUKOS – The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,, Vol.5,No. 1, pp.1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2008.10747625

Potkin, S.G., Zetin, M., Stamenkovic, V., Kripke, D., Bunney, W.E.J. (1886). Seasonal affective disorder: Prevalence varies with latitude and climate. Clinical Neuropharmacology, Vol.9, pp.181–183. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00000312

Raffestin, C., Lawrence, R. (1990). An ecological perspective on housing, health and well-being. Journal of Sociol and Sociol Welfare, Vol.17, pp.143–160.

Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., Will, A. (2005). SmartPLS 2. Hamburg: SmartPLS.

Romm, J.J., Browning, W.D. (1994). Greening the Building and the Bottom Line: Increasing Productivity through Energy-Efficient Design. Snowmass, Colorado: Rocky MountainInstitute. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Greening_the_Building_and_the_Bottom_Line.pdf. (accessed 29 June 2020)

Rusak, B., Eskes, G.A., Shaw, S.R. (1996). Lighting and Human Health. A Review of the Literature. Ottawa, Ontario:: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/schl-cmhc/nh18-1/NH15-235-1996-eng.pdf. (accessed 29 June 2020)

Sarstedt, M., Schwaiger, M., Ringle, C.M. (2009). Do we fully understand the critical success factors of customer satisfaction with industrial goods? Extending Festge and Schwaiger’s model to account for unobserved heterogeneity”. Journal of Business Marketing, Vol.3, No.3, pp.185-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12087-009-0023-7.

Sharfstein, J., Sandel, M., Kahn, R., Bauchner, H. (2001). Is child health at risk while families wait for housing vouchers? American Journal of Public Health, Vol.91, pp.1191–1192. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.8.1191

Stone, P.T. (1999). The effects of environmental illumination on melatonin, bodily rhythms and mood states : A review. Lighting Research and Technology, Vol.31, pp. 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719903100301

Thomson, H., Petticrew, M., Morrison, D. (2001). Health effects of housing improvement: systematic review of intervention studies. BMJ, Vol.323, pp.187–190. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7306.187

Tuunainen, A., Kripke, D.F., Endo, T. (2004). Light Therapy for Non-Seasonal Depression. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Department of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004050.pub2

Veenhoven, R. (1988). The utility of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 20, pp.254-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302332

Veitch, J., Mccoll, S. (2001). A critical examination of perceptual and cognitive effects attributed to fullspectrum fluorescent lighting. Ergonomics, Vol.44, pp.255–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130121241

Veitch, J.A., Van Den Beld, G. Brainard, G., Roberts, J.E. (2004). Ocular lighting effects on human physiology, mood and behaviour. Technical report of CIE No. 158. International Commission on Illumination. Vienna.

https://doi.org/10.4224/20377921(researchgate.net)

Wagdy, A., Ahmed, S., Hanan, S., Rasha, A., Islam, M. (2017). Daylighting simulation for the configuration of external sun-breakers on south oriented windows of hospital patient rooms under a clear desert sky. Solar Energy, Vol.149, pp.164-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.04.009

Wang, N., Boubekri, M. (2011). Design recommendations based on cognitive, mood and preference assessments in a sunlit workspace. Lighting Research and Technology ,Vol.43, pp. 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153510370807

Ward, L.G., Shakespeare, R. (1998). Rendering With Radiance: The Art And Science of Lighting Visualization. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.

Webb, R.A. (2006). Considerations for lighting in the built environment: Non-visual effects of light. Energy and Buildings, Vol.38, pp.721–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.004

WHO. (1998). World Health Organization. Guidelines for Healthy Housing.

Zeitzer, J.M., Dijk, D.J., Kronauer, R.E., Brown, E.N., Czeisler, C.A. (2000). Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression. Journal of Physiology, Vol.526, No. 3, pp. 695-702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00695.x